DOI : https://doi.org/10.62527/ijasce.8.1.296

Temperature Simulation and Distribution on Human Skin for Different Ages during Philaser Tattoo Removal

Zahraa Amer Salman (1), Ziad Tarik Al-Dahan (2), Ahmed Riyadh Al-Hamawi (3)
(1) Laser and Optoelectronic Department, AlNahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
(2) Biomedical Engineering Department, Al Bayan University, Baghdad, Iraq
(3) Laser and Optoelectronic Department, AlNahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Fulltext View | Download
How to cite (IJASCE) :
Salman, Z. A., Al-Dahan, Z. T., & Al-Hamawi, A. R. (2026). Temperature Simulation and Distribution on Human Skin for Different Ages during Philaser Tattoo Removal. International Journal of Advanced Science Computing and Engineering, 8(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.62527/ijasce.8.1.296
Citation Format :

The causes of laser-assisted tattoo removal difficulties are currently poorly known, and the literature on tattoo removal focuses more on removal methods and equipment than on the ideal treatment parameters, particularly temperature. This study aims to assess the surface temperature in complex eyebrow tattoo removal. This was done for 55 patients aged 22 to 43 years, who were treated with a phi laser (Nd-Yag) 1064 nm in the removal process, with a power of 1000 mJ, a frequency of 3 Hz, and a laser spot size of 8 mm. The surface temperature of the skin during tattoo removal was measured using the FLIR thermal camera. The results were analyzed by testing the normal state of the distribution. The Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used. A total of 55 people finished full treatment. Three laser sessions were needed on average to achieve the patient's goal (total removal, attenuation for repetition or correction). The results after comparing temperatures showed that the patient's age and skin type have a significant influence on the distribution of skin temperature. As one gets older, the amount of energy absorbed increases. In addition, increased laser absorption is associated with dark skin tones. The benefit of deepening understanding is that it shows temperature distribution in the tissues of the affected area and the surrounding area during laser irradiation, providing a guiding and reference function for the effect of photothermal therapy.

C. Goh and S. Ho, "Laser Tattoo Removal: A Clinical Update," J. Cutan. Aesthetic Surg., vol. 8, no. 1, p. 9, 2015. doi: 10.4103/0974-2077.155066.

L. Carroll and T. R. Humphreys, "LASER-Tissue Interactions," Clin. Dermatol., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 2–7, Jan. 2006. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.10.019.

"Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) Therapy (LT)," in Dictionary of Rheumatology, J. Rovenský and J. Payer, Eds. Vienna, Austria: Springer, 2009. doi: 10.1007/978-3-211-79280-3_646.

R. G. Gould, "The LASER, Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation," in The Ann Arbor Conference on Optical Pumping, P. A. Franken and R. H. Sands, Eds. The University of Michigan, 1959, p. 92.

T. H. Maiman, "Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 564–566, Jun. 1960. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.4.564.

M. M. Zaret, G. M. Breinin, H. Schmidt, H. Ripps, I. M. Siegel, and L. R. Solon, "Ocular Lesions Produced by an Optical Maser (Laser)," Science, vol. 134, no. 3489, pp. 1525–1526, Nov. 1961. doi:10.1126/science.134.3489.1525.

M. A. Ansari, M. Erfanzadeh, and E. Mohajerani, "Mechanisms of Laser-Tissue Interaction: II. Tissue Thermal Properties," J. Lasers Med. Sci., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 99–106, 2013.

F. B. Goldsmith, "Coppicing — A Conservation Panacea?," in Ecology and Management of Coppice Woodlands, Springer Netherlands, 1992, pp. 306–312. doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-2362-4_16.

A. Bindra, B. Bindu, and G. Rath, "Temperature Management Under General Anesthesia: Compulsion or Option," J. Anaesthesiol. Clin. Pharmacol., vol. 33, no. 3, p. 306, 2017. doi:10.4103/joacp.joacp_334_16.

R. Yim, "Statistical Learning for Best Practices in Tattoo Removal," SIAM Undergrad. Res. Online, vol. 15, 2022. doi:10.1137/21s1421325.

F. Pazhoohi and A. Kingstone, "The Effect of Movie Frame Rate on Viewer Preference: An Eye Tracking Study," Augment. Hum. Res., vol. 6, no. 1, Jan. 2021. doi: 10.1007/s41133-020-00040-0.

A. E. Ortiz and T. S. Alster, "Rising Concern over Cosmetic Tattoos," Dermatol. Surg., vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 424–429, Mar. 2012. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02202.x.

A. Kirimtat, O. Krejcar, A. Selamat, and E. Herrera-Viedma, "FLIR vs SEEK Thermal Cameras in Biomedicine: Comparative Diagnosis Through Infrared Thermography," BMC Bioinformatics, vol. 21, no. S2, Mar. 2020. doi: 10.1186/s12859-020-3355-7.

A. Kirimtat and O. Krejcar, "FLIR vs SEEK in Biomedical Applications of Infrared Thermography," in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 221–230. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-78759-6_21.

Z. Nelson, L. O'Neill, A. H. Fisher, S. D. Kozusko, K. Addagatla, and D. Bird, "Postoperative Detection of Free Flap Congestion in a Fitzpatrick Skin Type VI Patient Using the Flir Thermal Imaging Camera: A Case Report and Literature Review," Plast. Reconstr. Surg. - Glob. Open, vol. 9, no. 10S, pp. 127–128, Oct. 2021. doi:10.1097/01.gox.0000799756.22231.87.

D. S. Filippychev, "Computing the Particle Paths in an Open-Trap Sharp-Point Geometry," Comput. Math. Model., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 193–210, Jul. 2001. doi: 10.1023/a:1012589205469.

L. Hernandez, N. Mohsin, F. S. Frech, I. Dreyfuss, A. Vander Does, and K. Nouri, "Laser Tattoo Removal: Laser Principles and an Updated Guide for Clinicians," Lasers Med. Sci., vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 2581–2587, May 2022. doi: 10.1007/s10103-022-03576-2.

S. Ariyaratnam and J. Rood, "Measurement of Facial Skin Temperature," J. Dent., vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 250–253, Oct. 1990. doi:10.1016/0300-5712(90)90022-7.